Resumen: En la adolescencia y sobre todo en mujeres se ha evidenciado una mayor insatisfacción corporal, la cual se define como una evaluación negativa del propio cuerpo, siendo un fuerte predictor de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y la obesidad. Objetivo: Relacionar la insatisfacción corporal con la autoestima, depresión y el índice de masa corporal en adolescentes. Sujetos y Método: Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal, en una muestra de 397 adolescentes escolarizados/as (180 hombres y 217 mujeres) de la ciudad de Concepción, Chile, edades 10 a 19 años, a quienes se les aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para evaluar la insatisfacción corporal, Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, Inventario de Depresión de Beck II para mayores de 14 años, y Escala de Birleson para menores de 14 años. Se determinó el z-score del índice de masa corporal. Se estimó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de todas las variables. Resultados: Se reportó insatisfacción corporal en un 54,9 % en mujeres y un 18,3 % en los hombres. La insatisfacción corporal se correlacionó positivamente con la edad, z-IMC y depresión (p < 0,01) y negativamente con la autoestima (p < 0,01). Al diferenciar por sexo la insatisfacción corporal se mantuvieron las mismas correlaciones significativas, salvo la edad. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman la relación entre insatisfacción corporal con autoestima, depresión y el IMC. Se destaca la importancia de promover una autoestima e imagen corporal saludables desde edades tempranas para prevenir los trastornos alimentarios y la obesidad.

Abstract: In adolescence and especially in females, greater body dissatisfaction has been evidenced, which is defined as a negative evaluation of one’s own body, being a strong predictor of eating disorders and obesity. Objective: To relate body dissatisfaction with self-esteem, depression, and body mass index in adolescents. Subjects and Method: Quantitative, correlational, and cross-sectional study in a sample of 397 school adolescents (180 males and 217 females) from Concepción, Chile, aged 10 to 19 years, to whom the following instruments were applied: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) to assess body dissatisfaction, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Beck’s Depression Inventory-II for those older than 14 years, and Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for those younger than 14 years. Body mass index z-score was determined. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was estimated for all variables. Results: Body dissatisfaction was reported in 54.9 % of females and 18.3 % of males. Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated with age, z-BMI, and depression (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with self-esteem (p < 0.01). When body dissatisfaction was differentiated by sex, the same significant correlations remained, except for age. Conclusions: The results confirm the relationship between body dissatisfaction with self-esteem, depression, and BMI. The importance of promoting healthy self-esteem and body image from an early age to prevent eating disorders and obesity is emphasized.

Abstract: We run logit models to explain the variability of Pinus radiata structural lumber in 71 second and third unpruned logs. The response variable was the proportion of lumber with a static modulus of elasticity greater or equal than 8000 MPa, pMSG8+, and the explanatory variables were log volume, branch index, largest branch, log internode index, wood basic density, and acoustic velocity. The average pMSG8+ volume was 44,30 % and 36,18 % in the second and third log respectively. Ten models were selected based on meeting statistical assumptions, their goodness of fit, and the statistical significance of their parameters. The best models (R2 - adj. > 0,75) included acoustic velocity (AV) as explanatory variable, which explained 56,25 % of the variability of pMSG8+. Models without AV presented goodness of fit ranging from 0,60 to 0,75 (R2 - adj.), and variables with the highest weight to explain the variability of pMSG8+ were volume, followed by wood basic density, branch index, and largest branch. It is possible to model pMSG8+ from log variables even when acoustic velocity is not available; however, this requires wood basic density models calibrated for the Pinus radiata growing zone.

Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is commonly associated with mutations in-LDL receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Aim: To identify genetic variants associated with FH in a population of children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia or a family history of-demonstrated early CVD. Material and Methods: Clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated, and nine genes related to FH were sequenced namely LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, LIPA, APOE, ABCG5, ABCG8 and STAP1, in 55 children and adolescents aged 1 to 18 years old, from non-consanguineous families. Results: Mutations associated with FH were found in 17 children and adolescents, corresponding to p.Asp47Asn, duplication of exons 13-15 and p.Ser326Cys of the LDLR gene; p.Glu204* and Ile268Met of the APOE gene. Thirteen patients were heterozygous, two homozygous, two compound heterozygous, and one double heterozygous. Conclusions: Children and adolescents carrying mutations associated with FH were found by selective screening, which constitutes the first stage in the identification of genetic variants in our country.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Eating habits in school-age children have been associated with cognitive skills and academic performance. Aim: To determine the relationship between eating habits and academic performance in Chilean school-age children. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 733 school-age children. Eating habits were assessed by the frequency of consumption of food groups, mealtimes, cooking skills and if they liked to cook. Grades of math and language subjects were reported. Results: There was a low proportion of healthy consumption frequency (HCF). Girls had a higher HCF of bread (p<0.001), boys had a higher HCF of dairy (p= 0.016). By sex, academic performance in language was different in girls (p= 0.013). HCF of dairy was associated with academic performance in language (p= 0.017) and mathematics (p= 0.035). Eating breakfast was associated with academic performance in mathematics (p= 0.028) and language (p= 0.001). Not consuming cakes and sweet doughs (p= 0.016), French fries, hot dogs and sopaipillas (p= 0.025) was associated with academic performance in mathematics. 29.1% of children had cooking skills, 54.0% being girls (p= 0.006). Having cooking skills was significantly associated with 7 of the 12 food groups analyzed. Conclusion: Eating habits are associated to the academic performance of Chilean school-age children.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios en escolares se han relacionado con las habilidades cognitivas y el rendimiento académico. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre hábitos alimentarios y rendimiento académico en escolares chilenos. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 733 escolares de quinto al octavo básico. Se evaluaron hábitos alimentarios mediante frecuencia de consumo de grupos de alimentos, tiempos de comida, habilidades culinarias y gusto por preparar alimentos. Estas variables se relacionaron con calificaciones de las asignaturas de matemática y lenguaje. Resultados: Los escolares presentaron baja proporción de frecuencia de consumo saludable (FCS). Las niñas presentaron mayor FCS de pan (p<0,001), los niños presentaron mayor FCS de lácteos (p= 0,016). Por sexo, se observó diferencia en el rendimiento académico en lenguaje (p= 0,013). La FCS de lácteos se asoció con diferencias del rendimiento académico en lenguaje (p= 0,017) y matemática (p= 0,035). Desayunar se asoció a diferencias en el rendimiento académico en matemática (p= 0,028) y lenguaje (p= 0,001). No consumir pasteles y masas dulces (p= 0,016), y papas fritas, completos y masas fritas (p= 0,025) se asoció al rendimiento académico en matemática. Un 29,1% tiene habilidades culinarias, siendo 54% niñas (p= 0,006). La presencia de habilidades culinarias se relacionó significativamente con 7 de los 12 grupos de alimentos analizados. Conclusión: Los hábitos alimentarios se asociaron con el rendimiento académico de escolares.

Abstract The global energy model is based on fossil fuels, which has been replaced by environmental and economic considerations, giving way to biomass and dendroenegetic plantations. In Chile, non-conventional renewable energies (NCRE) have been gaining space, and the nation has focused efforts on species with good energy potential. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the physical-chemical potential, energy and thermal profiles of two species (Paulownia elongata x fortunei and Miscanthus x giganteus) for energy use in three contrasting sites of Chile. The analyses were mostly performed under DIN Standards. The results for Paulownia showed differences between the sites, obtaining the best results in the Vergel site with a percentage of lignin of 34,84%, ashes of 1,16%, volatile material of 81.70%, carbon of 47.02% and a liquid energy density (EL) of 2.16 GJ m-3. For Miscanthus, the best results were also recorded in the Vergel, with a percentage of lignin of 30.60%, ashes of 2.84%, volatile material of 82.26% and carbon of 45.97% and a DEL of 1, 67 GJ m-3, highlighting that the best results of the Vergel site are for density D1. With respect to the thermal profile (TGA-DTG), Paulownia presented mass loss greater than Miscanthus and had ignition at a lower temperature of 197.76 °C and 209.66 °C respectively. Therefore, the highest percentage of waste was presented by Miscanthus with 5.63%. Accordingly, both species have desirable characteristics for their energetic use.

Resumen El modelo energético mundial se basa en combustibles fósiles, el cual ha venido siendo sustituido por consideraciones ambientales y económicas, dándole paso a la biomasa y a las plantaciones dendroenegéticas. En Chile, las energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC) vienen ganando espacio, además la nación ha abocado esfuerzos en especies que posean buen potencial energético. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el potencial físico-químico, energético y perfiles térmicos de dos especies (Paulownia elongata x fortunei y Miscanthus x giganteus) para el uso energético en tres sitios contrastantes de Chile. Los análisis fueron realizados en su mayoría bajo los estándares de las Normas DIN. Los resultados para Paulownia mostraron diferencias entre los sitios, obteniendo los mejores resultados en el sitio El Vergel con un porcentaje de lignina de 34,84%, cenizas de 1,16%, material volátil de 81,70%, carbono de 47,02% y una densidad energética líquida (DEL) de 2,16 GJ m-3. Para Miscanthus los mejores resultados también fueron registrados en El Vergel, con porcentaje de lignina de 30,60%, cenizas de 2,84%, material volátil de 82,26% y carbono de 45,97% y una DEL de 1,67 GJ m-3, destacando que los mejores resultados de El Vergel son para la densidad D1. Respecto al perfil térmico (TGA-DTG), la Paulownia presentó pérdida de masa mayor que el Miscanthus y tuvo ignición a menor temperatura de 197,76 °C y 209,66 °C respectivamente. Por lo tanto, el mayor porcentaje de residuo lo presentó el Miscanthus con 5,63%. Consiguientemente, ambas especies presentan características deseables para su uso energético.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare conditions for the production of high levels of PUFA, EPA and DHA in cultured microalgae for larval bivalve feeding stages. It assessed fatty acid composition by gas chromatography for Isochrysis galbana Parke (T-ISO) and 2 species of Chaetoceros, C. gracilis Pantocsek and C. constrictus Gran. Species were studied in batch cultures, at the beginning of stationary growth phase with different irradiance and 2 levels of nitrogen content for Chaetoceros sp., and constant irradiance with 5 concentrations of sodium nitrate for I. galbana in an F/2 medium. Isochrysis galbana produced higher levels of linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at low N-nitrate concentrations; however, fatty acids increased notably with surplus N-nitrate, above F/2 medium content. Low irradiance and normal concentration of nitrates in the batches of Chaetoceros gracilis species produced a greater EPA content. C. constrictus, a diatom isolated from phytoplankton samples, presented higher levels of EPA and DHA at low levels of nitrogen and low irradiance.

Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las condiciones para producir altos niveles de AGPI, EPA y DHA en microalgas cultivadas para alimentar las etapas larvarias de los bivalvos. Se evaluó por cromatografía de gas la concentración de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en tres especies de microalgas, Isochrysis galbana Parke (T-ISO), Chaetoceros gracilis Pantocsek y C. constrictus Gran, con el fin de ser usadas como fuente de alimento de larvas y adultos de bivalvos en cultivo. Isochrysis galbana produce mayor concentración de ácido linolénico y ácido docosahexaenoico que ácido eicosapentaenoico en condiciones limitantes de nitrato, sin embargo estos ácidos grasos se incrementan notablemente con el exceso de N-nitrato, por encima del contenido del medio F/2. Por otra parte, la baja intensidad lumínica y la concentración normal de nitratos en los cultivos de la especie Chaetoceros gracilis producen mayor contenido de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA). En el caso de Chaetoceros constrictus, la microalga sintetiza mayor concentración de ácidos grasos en condiciones de alta intensidad lumínica y bajas concentraciones de nitrato.

Abstracts: Aim: To decribe the profile of users of a health program for chronic diseases (CD), especifically Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (HT), and its relation to indicators of clinical results. Subjects and methods: The subjects had DM and/or HT and were randomly selected form 4 health centers in southern Chile. Questionaires exploring demographic variables, Patient Assessement of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) measurements of HbA1c, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures were used as indicators of clinical results. Results: 222 subjects with DM and/or HT were evaluated. Mean age was 53.9 years-old (SD 7.5), 67.6% were females. The prevalence of CD was 53.6% for HT, 31.1% for DM+HT and 15.3% for DM. Mean BP and mean HbA1c were slightly higher in users with DM+HT. As perceived by the patient, the evaluation of care had a mean score 2.61 (SD 1.13). "Design of a method of care delivery / decission support" obtained the highest score. In subjects with HT there was a significant correlation between SBP and the number of drugs being received (p=0.03). Also, a significant correlation between HbA1c and disease duration was found in subjects with DM (p=0.02). In subjects with DM+HT significant correlation (p=0.01) existed between disease duration and both HbA1c and SBP. Conclusion: The evaluation of care suggests the need for a stronger effort in controlling therapeutic measures. Further studies are needed to refine the relation of user profile and clinical results.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el perfil de usuarios con diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipertensión arterial (HTA) y su relación con indicadores de resultado clínico. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio transversal, correlacional en usuarios con DM y/o HTA, reclutados desde 4 centros de salud de un Servicio de Salud del centro sur de Chile. Los instrumentos y mediciones incluyeron: cuestionario de variables biodemográficas, “Evaluación de la atención de enfermedades crónicas para pacientes”, hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD). Resultados: Se evaluaron 222 personas con HTA y/o DM con edad promedio 53,9 (DE 7,5) años, la mayoría mujeres (67,6%). Se encontró un predominio de HTA (53,6%), seguido de DM+HTA (31,1%) y DM (15.3%). El promedio de PAS y de HbA1c fue levemente superior en usuarios con patología mixta (DM+HTA). El promedio de la evaluación de la atención desde la perspectiva del paciente fue 2,61 (DE 1,13), siendo mejor evaluado el “Diseño de un sistema de entrega de cuidados/Apoyo a la decisión”. Se encontró relación significativa en usuarios con HTA entre PAS y n° de fármacos (p=0,026); en personas con DM entre HbA1c y años de enfermedad (p=0,002) y en usuarios con multimorbilidad (HTA+ DM) entre años de enfermedad con HbA1c (p=0,01) y con PAS (p=0,01). Conclusión: La evaluación de la atención sugiere la necesidad de mayor esfuerzo en el control de los parámetros terapéuticos, incorporando mejoras en la atención proporcionada. Se necesita más investigación para definir la relación entre el perfil de usuarios con enfermedades crónicas y los resultados clínicos.

ABSTRACT The administration of antibiotics by salmon farms in Chile, facilitates the accumulation in the marine environment, affecting the biota. In 2016, 382 tons of antibiotics (oxytetracycline and florfenicol) were used. In this atudy, the biological activity of florfenicol and oxytetracycline in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, was evaluated under laboratory conditions. A completely randomized experimental design was applied in the bioassays with 10 treatments (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/mL of florfenicol and 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/mL of oxytetracycline) applied to the parental generation, with two repetitions. Mortality, effects on the life cycle, substrate analysis and observation of organisms in the parental generation, and in two successive generations were evaluated. The results indicate that the higher the concentration of antibiotic applied to the parental generation, the mortality increases in the first generation and the life cycles are delayed in the following generations; in addition, it increases the frequency of appearance of adults with morphological alterations of the wing; the food substrate changes the color and pH in all treatments. Both antimicrobials have adverse effects on the development of Drosophila melanogaster and on the culture medium. The effect of antibiotics on the parental generation is inheritable, in two successive generations, that had decrease in the number of offspring and individuals with deformed or absent wings. Antibiotics would directly affect the wildlife surrounding the salmon farming centers, which should be controlled to avoid significant environmental damage.

RESUMEN La administración de antibióticos en las salmonicultoras en Chile facilita la acumulación en el ambiente marino afectando la biota. En 2016 se utilizaron 382 toneladas de antibióticos (oxitetraciclina y florfenicol). Se evaluó la actividad biológica de florfenicol y oxitetraciclina en larvas de Drosophila melanogaster Meigen en condiciones de laboratorio. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorio en los bioensayos con 10 tratamientos (0,3; 0,6 y 1,2 mg/mL de florfenicol y 0,3; 0,6; 0,8; 1,2; 1,6 y 3,2 mg/mL de oxitetraciclina) aplicados a la generación parental, con dos repeticiones. Se evaluó la mortalidad, efectos sobre el ciclo de vida, análisis de sustrato y observación de organismos en la generación parental y en dos generaciones sucesivas. Los resultados indican que a mayor concentración de antibiótico aplicado a la generación parental, la mortalidad aumenta en la primera generación y los ciclos de vida se retrasan en las siguientes generaciones; además, aumenta la frecuencia de aparición de adultos con alteraciones morfológicas del ala; en el sustrato alimenticio cambia el color y el pH en todos los tratamientos. Ambos antimicrobianos tienen efectos adversos sobre el desarrollo de Drosophila melanogaster y sobre el medio de cultivo. El efecto de los antibióticos en la generación parental es heredable, en dos generaciones sucesivas, que tuvieron disminución en el número de crías e individuos con alas deformadas o ausentes. Los antibióticos afectarían directamente a la vida silvestre que rodea los centros de cultivo del salmón, lo que debería controlarse para evitar un daño ambiental importante.

ABSTRACT This article presents the results of a descriptive study, whose main objective was to determine the extent to which metalinguistic skills called phonological awareness and lexical awareness are related, with reading aloud and reading comprehension in a group of second grade students of primary education. Twenty-eight school children participated in the research (average age 7;7, S.D. 0.3). Measurements of phonological awareness (through a linguistic segmentation test), lexical awareness (using the lexical decision task), reading aloud (through a scale developed ad hoc for this study) and reading comprehension (using a standardized test) were used. The results showed a high correlation between the variables. At the same time, a regression analysis was carried out, which showed that the component speed of reading aloud, together with the phonemic synthesis task of the linguistic segmentation test, explain up to 68% of the variance.

RESUMEN Este articulo presenta los resultados de un estudio descriptivo, cuyo objetivo principal era determinar en qué medida se encuentran relacionadas las habilidades metalingüísticas llamadas conciencia fonológica y conciencia léxica, con la lectura en voz alta y la comprensión lectora en un grupo de escolares de segundo año de educación básica. Participaron en la investigación 28 individuos (edad promedio 7;7, D. E. 0,3). Se utilizaron medidas de conciencia fonológica (mediante una prueba de segmentación lingüística), de conciencia léxica (utilizando la tarea de decisión léxica), de lectura en voz alta (con una pauta desarrollada ad hoc) y de comprensión lectora (mediante una prueba estandarizada). Los resultados mostraron una alta correlación entre las variables. Al mismo tiempo, se realizó un análisis de regresión, el que arrojó como resultado que el componente velocidad de la lectura en voz alta, en conjunto con la tarea de síntesis fonémica de la prueba de segmentación lingüística explican hasta un 68% de la varianza.

RESUMO ANTECEDENTES: Há evidências de detecçâo de Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) em fezes de recém-nascidos, como também dentro de leveduras que colonizam a cavidade oral dessa faixa etária. No entanto, faltam investigações que confirmem esses achados. OBJETIVO: Identificar H. pylori intracelular em leveduras de origem oral e detectar antígenos dessa bactéria em fezes neonatais. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal e descritivo. As amostras foram obtidas de bebês (zaragatoa oral e mecônio). As identificações das espécies de leveduras foram realizadas utilizando as seguintes técnicas: CHROMagar Candida, teste de tubo germinativo e sistema de identificação API Cândida. As leveduras foram observadas por microscopía óptica e fluorescência. Realizou-se a detecçâo de antígeno de H. pylori em mecônio e PCR para a amplificação de genes específicos desta bactéria (rRNA16S, cagA, vacA s1a, vacA s1b, vacA s2, vacA m1, vacA m2 e dupA). RESULTADOS: Foi detectado H. pylori intracelular em leveduras da espécie Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) isoladas a partir de zaragatoas oral de um recém-nascido. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram a existência interna de levedura de H. pylori em recém-nascidos.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: There is evidence of detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the stool of newborns and in the yeast that colonizes the oral cavity of this age group. However, there is a lack of research to confirm it. This study proposes to determine the existence of the bacteria at an early age, specifically in newborns. OBJECTIVE: To identify intracellular H. pylori in oral yeasts and to detect antigens of the bacteria in newborn stools. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. Samples were obtained from infants (oral swab and meconium). Identification of yeast species was performed using the following techniques: CHROMagar Candida, Germinal Tube Test and API Candida Identification System, then the yeasts were observed by light microscopy and fluorescence. Detection of H. pylori antigen in meconium and PCR were performed to amplify specific genes of the bacterium (rRNA16S, cagA, vacA s1a, vacA s1b, vacA s2, vacA m1, vacA m2 and dupA). RESULTS: Intracellular H. pylori was detected in yeast of the species Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) isolated from an oral swab of a newborn. CONCLUSION: The results of this study evidenced the existence of intracellular H. pylori in newborns.

La relación entre Conciencia Sintáctica y Comprensión de Lectura ha sido insuficientemente investigada en escolares de habla hispana. El presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar el desarrollo de la Conciencia Sintáctica y su relación con la Comprensión de Lectura en escolares chilenos socialmente desfavorecidos que asisten a escuelas vulnerables. El estudio utilizó una metodología de tipo transversal, descriptiva y correlacional. La muestra consideró 161 escolares básicos de ambos sexos: 61 de segundo año, 55 de tercer año y 57 de cuarto año de enseñanza básica, de dos centros educacionales. Los resultados muestran rendimientos bajo el promedio esperado para la edad, tanto en Comprensión de Lectura como en Conciencia Sintáctica en todos los grupos. El estudio evidencia además, una relación significativa entre las variables estudiadas.

Syntactic awareness is one of the metalinguistic skills used in reading comprehension that has been less researched in the Spanish language. This study aims to analyze the development of syntactic awareness and its relation to the development of reading comprehension skills among socially disadvantaged children who attend schools classified as vulnerable. The study uses a descriptive correlational and transversal methodology. The sample consists of 161 children of both sexes: 61 in the 2nd Grade, 55 in the 3rd Grade and 57 in the 4th Grade in two schools. The results of the study indicate a level of performance that is below the expected average in terms of reading comprehension skills based on students' age, as well as below average results for syntactic awareness. The study also reveals a high significant correlation between both variables.

A relação entre Consciência Sintática e Compreensão de leitura tem sido insuficientemente investigada em escolas de língua espanhola. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o desenvolvimento da consciência sintática e sua relação com o desenvolvimento da compreensão de leitura em estudantes chilenos socialmente desfavorecidos que freqüentam escolas vulneráveis. O estudo utilizou uma metodologia transversal, descritiva e correlacionai. A amostra foi composta por 161 escolas básicas de ambos os sexos: 61 alunos do segundo ano, 55 do terceiro ano e 57 do quarto ano do ensino básico de dois centros educacionais. Os resultados mostram rendimentos abaixo da média esperada para a idade, tanto na compreensão de leitura como em consciência sintática em todos os grupos. O estudo evidencia também uma correlação altamente significativa entre as variáveis estudadas.

Objective: To identify nursing students' learning styles profiles and statistically relate them to their academic performance in two courses in the first year of Nursing. Method: Honey-Alonso Learning Styles Questionnaire (CHAEA) was applied. It was available to 193 students who responded it on an electronic spreadsheet and sent it via e-mail, according to established ethic rules. Comparative analyses, scores of learning styles and grades of evaluations of each course were carried out using the Infostat program. Two successive cohorts (2009-2010) were analysed. Results: Most of the students present 3 or more learning styles with moderate to higher than moderate scores, who showed test results with grades that were average or higher each year. Conclusion: It is suggested that in order to get better academic performance, teachers must know the students' learning styles and design pedagogical tools to promote the different learning styles so students can become aware of their own style.

Objetivo: Identificar los perfiles de estilos de aprendizaje y relacionarlos con el rendimiento académico en dos asignaturas de primer año de Enfermería. Método: Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Honey-Alonso de Estilos de Aprendizaje (CHAEA) disponible a los estudiantes en una planilla electrónica que respondieron y enviaron por correo electrónico 193 estudiantes, quienes respondieron de acuerdo a normas éticas establecidas. Los análisis comparativos, puntajes de los estilos de aprendizaje y las calificaciones de las evaluaciones parciales de cada asignatura, se realizaron usando el programa estadístico Infostat. Se analizaron dos cohortes sucesivas (20092010). Resultados: La mayor parte de los estudiantes presentan 3 o más estilos de aprendizaje con puntaje superior o igual a moderado, con evaluaciones parciales con notas igual o superior al promedio de cada año. Conclusión: Se sugiere que con el fin de obtener un mejor rendimiento, los docentes conozcan los estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes y diseñen herramientas pedagógicas para fomentar estilo de aprendizaje y que los estudiantes tomen conciencia de su propio estilo.

Background: Yale University’s Bright Bodies Program consists on a lifestyle intervention, in areas such as nutrition and exercise, while focusing on behavior modification and family support. Aim: To evaluate the impact of the Program in Chilean children and adolescents with obesity who participated in the Program during 8 months. Material and Methods: The weight management Program was carried out during 8 months and consisted in weekly sessions directed by dietitians or psychologists and exercise sessions twice per week in charge of physical education teachers. The family component was based on sessions for parents or caregivers to achieve the same goals of children activities. Results: Twenty eight obese children aged 9.5 ± 2 years completed the eight months of intervention. There was a significant 5% reduction of body mass index (BMI), a 15% reduction of BMI z score and a 2.9% reduction of waist circumference. Bioelectrical impedance showed a 9% reduction of percentage body fat and a 7% increase in lean body mass. Blood pressure, blood glucose, total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly, without changes in HOMA-IR. The frequency of metabolic syndrome decreased from 36% at baseline to 18% at the end of the intervention. A 43% reduction in caloric intake and an improvement in physical condition was also observed. Conclusions: The Bright Bodies Program produced significant and positive changes on anthropometric and metabolic parameters in this group of children.

Background: prevention of cardiovascular disease remains a challenge for health care systems Aim: to evaluate the effect of an innovative process of personalized nursing counseling including telephone monitoring on cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life indexes. Method: the intervention took place at municipal health care facilities involved in the program for cardiovascular health in Concepción, Chile. After randomization, 56 subjects acted as controls and 53 were submitted to 10 personalized and 5 telephone counseling sessions. Variables measured included CVRS, blood pressure, pressure, BMI, abdominal circumference, total, LDL and HDL cholesterol levees and derived risk indexes. Coronary risk at 10 years was estimated. A parallel qualitative evaluation was performed through a phenomenological-hermeneutic method. Results: abdominal circumference, total and LDL cholesterol and Chol/HDL ratio decreased in both males and females. Weight decreased and CVRS increased in females. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL/HDL ratio and 8-year risk of CVD decreased in males. Qualitative intervention was effective in developing an attitude of "living with an expectation of change" and in creating personal interactions to strengthen such attitude. Conclusion: this innovative health intervention strategy was effective in the control of three cardiovascular risk factors and in improving CVRS.

Antecedentes: La prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares es un reto para los sistemas de salud. Objetivo: Establecer el efecto de una intervención innovadora de Consejería de Enfermería Personalizada, Presencial y Telefónica, dirigida a: control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión, dis-lipidemia, sobrepeso), mejoramiento de calidad de vida relacionada con salud (CVRS), fortaleciendo la autoeficacia, el apoyo social y estructurando el fenómeno "vivir con expectativas de cambio" en personas usuarias del programa de salud cardiovascular de los Centros de Salud Municipales de Concepción. Método: Se usó método mixto anidado, como método primario el cuantitativo, ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado. Se randomizaron controles (n=56) e intervenidos (n=53) sometidos a 10 sesiones presenciales y 5 telefónicas. Se midió CVRS, presión arterial, IMC, circunferencia abdominal, colesterol total, LDL, HDL, LDL/HDL), CT/HDL y Riesgo Coronario a 10 años. El método secundario cualitativo fue el de Parse. fenomenológico-hermenéutico. Resultados: mujeres y hombres disminuyeron circunferencia abdominal, colesterol total, colesterol-LDL, CT/HDL (p<0,05); las mujeres disminuyeron significativamente peso y aumentaron CVRS. Los hombres disminuyeron presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, LDL/HDL, y riesgo coronario a 10 años. En lo cualitativo se estructura "vivir con expectativas de cambio", como un proceso interactivo de cuidado que integran lo físico y psicológico, el cual establece alianzas que generan compromisos personales y contribuyen a enfrentar las dificultades con perseverancia y con acciones innovadoras. Conclusiones: Esta intervención es una estrategia efectiva para el control de tres factores de riesgo cardiovascular y mejoramiento de CVRS.

Background: Neonatal malnutrition defined by birth weight (BW) is a risk factor for obesity and cardio-metabolic diseases in adults. Neonatal ponderal index (NPI) may have better diagnostic value than BW to establish nutritional status. Aim: To determine the effect of neonatal nutritional status, established by the three NPI curves available in Chile, on the risk of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in obese school children. Material and Methods: A nested case/control study in a sample of 410 obese school children aged 10 to 16 years (57% males) was performed. The dichotomous response variable was the presence of MS defined as International Diabetes Federation (IDF) or Cook’s criteria. The exposure variable was having NPI < percentile (p) 10. Results: The frequency of MS was 36 and 39% according to the IDF and Cook criteria, respectively. The proportion of children with neonatal malnutrition exceeded 20%. A significantly increased risk for MS was only found when PNI was defined according to Lagos´s Table and MS was defined using IDF criteria. Having a PNI > p90, however, showed a trend towards a reduced risk of MS, which only reached significance using Lagos´s Table and Cook´s Criteria. Conclusions: Neonatal malnutrition defined by NPI is common in obese school children. The condition of neonatal under nutrition defined as PNI < p10 may be a risk factor for developing MS. Instead, having a NPI > p90 could be protective.